[et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″ background_image=“https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/11Header_5_PoliticsOfSpace.jpg“][et_pb_row _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“120px||200px|“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_text _builder_version=“3.27.4″ text_text_color=“#ffffff“ text_font_size=“56px“]<\/p>\n
POLITICS OF SPACE<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″][et_pb_row _builder_version=“3.25″ background_size=“initial“ background_position=“top_left“ background_repeat=“repeat“ custom_padding=“27px|0px|1px|0px|false|false“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text: Intro“ _builder_version=“3.27.4″ text_font=“Julius Sans One||||||||“ text_font_size=“21px“ text_line_height=“1.8em“ text_font_size_tablet=“18px“ text_font_size_phone=“16px“ text_font_size_last_edited=“on|desktop“]11 THINGS I LEARNED SPENDING A YEAR IN BERLIN’S PARKS | <\/strong>part 5<\/span><\/p>\n Als ich das erste Mal die USA verlie\u00df, habe ich viel dar\u00fcber gelernt, wie verschiedene Kulturen den \u00f6ffentlichen Raum sehen. Ich war auf dem College. Ich zog um, um in Japan zu studieren. Diese Erfahrung ver\u00e4nderte mein Leben.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=“Intro – growing up“ _builder_version=“4.4.1″ text_font=“||||||||“ text_line_height=“1.8em“ hover_enabled=“0″ text_font_size_tablet=““ text_font_size_phone=“16px“ text_font_size_last_edited=“on|desktop“ text_line_height_tablet=“1.8em“ text_line_height_phone=“1.7em“ text_line_height_last_edited=“on|tablet“]<\/p>\n Ich sehe den \u00f6ffentlichen Raum heute als zerbrechlich und formbar an, verbunden mit Wirtschaft, Geschichte und Macht.<\/p>\n Als ich in den Vorst\u00e4dten aufwuchs, wo man fast \u00fcberall ein Auto brauchte, war ich begeistert davon, an einem Ort zu leben, von dem aus ich fast jeden Winkel des Landes bereisen konnte, ohne in ein Auto zu steigen. Ich entwickelte eine Vorliebe f\u00fcr \u00f6ffentliche Verkehrsmittel und die Freiheit des Reisens, ohne den Aufwand und die M\u00fche, ein Auto zu besitzen.<\/p>\n Jahre sp\u00e4ter, als ich mit der Recherche f\u00fcr ein Filmprojekt \u00fcber nachhaltigen Verkehr begann, kam mir diese Erinnerung wieder in den Sinn. Ich wurde neugierig auf die Gr\u00fcnde, warum einige Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen \u00f6ffentliche Verkehrsmittel bef\u00fcrworten, w\u00e4hrend andere sie zugunsten des Autos ablehnen. Meine Recherchen f\u00fchrten mich zu der Frage, warum einige L\u00e4nder den \u00f6ffentlichen Bereich zu sch\u00e4tzen scheinen, w\u00e4hrend andere dem privaten Bereich Vorrang einr\u00e4umen?<\/p>\n Dieselben Fragen k\u00f6nnen auch auf den \u00f6ffentlichen Raum zutreffen. Warum k\u00fcmmern sich einige St\u00e4dte um ihre \u00f6ffentlichen Gr\u00fcnfl\u00e4chen, w\u00e4hrend andere St\u00e4dte Parks und \u00f6ffentliche R\u00e4ume als bedrohlich empfinden?<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″ custom_padding=“0|0px|0|0px|false|false“][et_pb_row _builder_version=“3.25″ background_size=“initial“ background_position=“top_left“ background_repeat=“repeat“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Spandauer-Citadel.png“ align_tablet=“center“ align_phone=““ align_last_edited=“on|desktop“ admin_label=“IMAGE Statues – Spandauer“ _builder_version=“3.23″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″][et_pb_row _builder_version=“3.25″ background_size=“initial“ background_position=“top_left“ background_repeat=“repeat“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text: 1800s“ _builder_version=“4.4.1″ text_font=“||||||||“ text_line_height=“1.8em“ hover_enabled=“0″ text_font_size_tablet=“18px“ text_font_size_phone=“16px“ text_font_size_last_edited=“on|phone“ text_line_height_tablet=“1.8em“ text_line_height_phone=“1.7em“ text_line_height_last_edited=“on|phone“]<\/p>\n Parks in den 1800er Jahren<\/strong><\/p>\n Lassen Sie uns die B\u00fchne vorbereiten. In den 1800er Jahren war die Monarchie in Deutschland immer noch an der Macht, obwohl sich die Macht verlagerte. Die industrielle Revolution war im Gange. Die St\u00e4dte waren auf dem Vormarsch, im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes. Sie wuchsen nach oben, um mehr Menschen aufzunehmen.<\/p>\n Diese Kr\u00e4fte schufen ein Bed\u00fcrfnis nach Atempause und das Bed\u00fcrfnis, die \u00d6ffentlichkeit bei Laune zu halten.<\/p>\n Hinzu kam Marx‘ Analyse des neuen Arbeitsmarkts, die postulierte, dass die Arbeiter nach dem Wert ihrer Arbeit unterbezahlt w\u00fcrden. Seine politische Brosch\u00fcre mit dem Titel „Kommunistisches Manifest“ erschien 1848, im selben Jahr, in dem sich eine revolution\u00e4re Welle \u00fcber Europa ausgebreitet hatte. Sein Buch trug zu einer wachsenden arbeitnehmerfreundlichen, sozialistischen Bewegung bei.<\/p>\n Als Reaktion auf die wachsende Popularit\u00e4t der Arbeitnehmerrechte f\u00fchrte die Regierung die ersten \u00f6ffentlichen Leistungen ein. Im Jahr 1883 begann das Deutsche Reich unter Bismarck, Krankenversicherung, Arbeiterunfallversicherung, Invalidit\u00e4tsversicherung und Altersrenten anzubieten.<\/p>\n In diesen Jahren wurde der erste Volkspark Berlins fertiggestellt. Der Volkspark Friedrichshain wurde 1848 der \u00d6ffentlichkeit zug\u00e4nglich gemacht.<\/p>\n Bis in die sp\u00e4ten 1700er Jahre waren gro\u00dfe Teile Berlins k\u00f6niglichem Besitz vorbehalten. Sowohl der heutige Tiergarten in Mitte als auch der Volkspark Jungfernheide im Norden Charlottenburgs waren einst k\u00f6nigliche Jagdreviere.<\/p>\n Parks waren in dieser Zeit im Westen im Allgemeinen nicht \u00fcblich. In den 1700er Jahren brachten die Stadtbewohner in Amerika Picknick-Mittagessen auf Friedh\u00f6fe mit, da diese einige der einzigen offenen Gr\u00fcnfl\u00e4chen waren, die f\u00fcr die \u00d6ffentlichkeit zug\u00e4nglich waren. Ich bin mir nicht sicher, ob sich die Berliner dort aufhielten, vielleicht gingen sie auf Kirchengel\u00e4nde.<\/p>\n 1740 er\u00f6ffnete Friedrich der Gro\u00dfe einen Teil des Tiergartens als Lustgarten f\u00fcr die Menschen. Der Garten umfasste „Salons“ oder Bereiche der „Gemeinde“, die durch Hecken abgegrenzt waren und B\u00e4nke enthielten, damit sich die Menschen versammeln und intellektuelle Gespr\u00e4che f\u00fchren konnten. Eine sch\u00f6ne Idee.<\/p>\n Die Volksg\u00e4rten waren gr\u00fcne Gartenbereiche, die B\u00e4ume, Teiche, Rastpl\u00e4tze, Denkm\u00e4ler und Pavillons umfassen sollten.<\/p>\n Volksparks waren Parks, die zur Erholung und Bewegung gebaut wurden und erst Mitte der 1800er Jahre entstanden.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ fullwidth=“on“ _builder_version=“3.22″][et_pb_fullwidth_image src=“https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/PoliticsOfSpace_VPF-girl-running-crop-1.jpg“ _builder_version=“3.11.1″][\/et_pb_fullwidth_image][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″ custom_padding=“54px|0px|0|0px|false|false“][et_pb_row _builder_version=“3.25″ background_size=“initial“ background_position=“top_left“ background_repeat=“repeat“ custom_padding=“27px|0px|2px|0px|false|false“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text: Volksparks“ _builder_version=“4.4.1″ text_font=“||||||||“ text_line_height=“1.8em“ hover_enabled=“0″ text_font_size_tablet=“18px“ text_font_size_phone=“16px“ text_font_size_last_edited=“on|phone“ text_line_height_tablet=““ text_line_height_phone=“1.7em“ text_line_height_last_edited=“on|phone“]<\/p>\n Volksparks im Weimarer Deutschland der 1920er Jahre<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0Vielleicht denken Sie an Berlin in den 1920er Jahren als eine Zeit der Kabaretts, der Frauen mit kurzen Haaren, der bunten Kunst und des Nachtlebens. Aber es war auch die \u00c4ra des Volksparks.<\/p>\n Zwischen 1919 und 1932 entstanden f\u00fcnf Volksparks.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″ custom_padding=“0|0px|0|0px|false|false“][et_pb_row column_structure=“1_4,3_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ background_size=“initial“ background_position=“top_left“ background_repeat=“repeat“][et_pb_column type=“1_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=“3_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_text admin_label=“Volkspark list“ _builder_version=“3.27.4″ text_font=“||||||||“ text_line_height=“1.8em“ text_font_size_tablet=““ text_font_size_phone=“13px“ text_font_size_last_edited=“on|phone“ text_line_height_tablet=““ text_line_height_phone=“1.8em“ text_line_height_last_edited=“on|phone“]1919-1932 Volkspark Wuhlheide, Treptow-K\u00f6penick, 166 ha Zu den Volksparks geh\u00f6ren Orte der Besinnung und Orte der Bewegung. Parks wurden, im Gegensatz zu G\u00e4rten, aus Zweckm\u00e4\u00dfigkeitsgr\u00fcnden gebaut.<\/p>\n Sie umfassten auch Spielbereiche f\u00fcr Kinder. Zu jener Zeit waren Spielpl\u00e4tze eine neuartige Idee. Tats\u00e4chlich waren die Deutschen die ersten, die das Spiel f\u00f6rderten und die Idee eines Spielplatzes entwickelten. Im Jahr 1891 wurde das erste Zentralkomitee f\u00fcr die F\u00f6rderung von Spielen organisiert. Im Jahr 1894 fand in Berlin ein nationaler Kongress f\u00fcr Spiele statt.<\/p>\n Die Spielbewegung fiel mit der Kinderbewegung zusammen. Lina Morgenstern gr\u00fcndete den Berliner Frauen-Verein zur Bef\u00f6rderung der Fr\u00f6bel’schen Kinderg\u00e4rten, eine Organisation, die sich f\u00fcr Kinderg\u00e4rten einsetzt, eine weitere deutsche Erfindung. Vor der Industriellen Revolution waren Bauernkinder auf dem Feld. Mit der industriellen Revolution arbeiteten die Kinder. Die Bewegung f\u00fcr Spiel und Erziehung war ziemlich bahnbrechend.<\/p>\n Zus\u00e4tzlicher Druck entstand durch die damaligen Lebensbedingungen in Berlin. Mit dem Gro\u00df-Berlin-Gesetz war Berlin zur drittgr\u00f6\u00dften Stadt der Welt geworden. Die Wohnungen waren klein. Auch die Geh\u00e4lter waren gering. In einer Ein-Zimmer-Wohnung konnte man eine f\u00fcnfk\u00f6pfige Familie unterbringen. Manchmal teilten sich mehr als eine Familie eine Wohnung. Die umliegenden Parks und G\u00e4rten boten Raum f\u00fcr Privatsph\u00e4re, f\u00fcr Geselligkeit und Gesundheit.<\/p>\n Das Geld zur Schaffung des Volksparks stammte aus dem Notprogramm, das der Berliner B\u00fcrgermeister Gustav Boss ins Leben gerufen hatte, um den Bau von 43 Projekten, darunter Spielpl\u00e4tze und Parks, zu finanzieren. Die Stadt gewann wertvollen Parkraum und besch\u00e4ftigte dabei 8.000 arbeitslose Arbeiter. Diese Parks sind alle noch heute beliebt und ganzj\u00e4hrig in Betrieb.<\/p>\n In dieser Zeit entstanden auch Schreberg\u00e4rten (kleine Kleingartenanlagen). Sie entstanden aus dem Wunsch heraus, Au\u00dfenr\u00e4ume zu schaffen, in denen sich Kinder bewegen k\u00f6nnen. Obwohl auf Fotos sieht Bewegung eher nach Gartenarbeit aus. Dies war eine Idee von Dr. Moritz Schreber in den 1800er Jahren. Er interessierte sich f\u00fcr die Gesundheit von Kindern und die sozialen Folgen des st\u00e4dtischen Lebens zu Beginn der Industrialisierung. Es gelang ihm nicht, die Kleing\u00e4rten vor seinem Tod im Jahre 1861 anzulegen, aber nach seinem Tod wurden die entstandenen Kleing\u00e4rten nach ihm benannt. Berlin ist \u00fcbers\u00e4t mit Schreberg\u00e4rten, die wie Miniaturd\u00f6rfer am Rande von Bahngleisen und inmitten von Stadtvierteln aussehen. Diese Kleing\u00e4rten waren w\u00e4hrend und nach den Weltkriegen eine wichtige Nahrungsquelle.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″ custom_padding=“0|0px|7px|0px|false|false“][et_pb_row _builder_version=“3.25″ background_size=“initial“ background_position=“top_left“ background_repeat=“repeat“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=“31730,31945,31732,31735″ fullwidth=“on“ admin_label=“Gallery: Volksparks“ _builder_version=“3.11.1″ title_text_color=“#ffffff“ pagination_text_color=“#ffffff“ background_layout=“dark“][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″][et_pb_row _builder_version=“3.25″ background_size=“initial“ background_position=“top_left“ background_repeat=“repeat“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text: Parks Today“ _builder_version=“3.27.4″ text_font=“||||||||“ text_line_height=“1.8em“ text_font_size_tablet=“18px“ text_font_size_phone=“16px“ text_font_size_last_edited=“on|phone“ text_line_height_tablet=““ text_line_height_phone=“1.7em“ text_line_height_last_edited=“on|phone“]Parks Today: Privatization of Public Space<\/strong><\/p>\n Biking along the canal just north of Berlin\u2019s main train station I\u2019ve seen a sea of yellow cranes towering in the air for almost two years now. At first, it was comical. Now, as the buildings have risen under those cranes I miss the view. Instead of open land, I see buildings towering over the river\u2019s edge.<\/p>\n On the east side of the canal, where I now stand, the buildings are set back from the river, leaving space for a long public park, and a cemetery full of German war heroes. This cemetery is now free to access but at one time it was occupied by the Wall and is part of the Mauerweg (or Berlin Wall pathway).<\/p>\n The buildings across the canal are varied, some are office buildings, others look like they will be expensive condos.<\/p>\n Berlin has done a pretty good job at maintaining public space. A lot of space opened up after the Wall came down. In many areas, the city created park spaces where the Wall had been. Mauerpark (Wall Park) is notable. However, in other areas, like the side of the Spree in former East Berlin that is in Friedrichshain, the city designated that prime river space for urban renewal in the form of large corporate developments.<\/p>\n This area is referred to as \u201cMediaspree.\u201d For years, it was not formally occupied because of a lack of economic opportunity. In that time artists and activists set up beach bars, clubs, and cultural projects. When the economy started to improve, the media companies came in and built large, monolithic buildings on the side of the river. There is no retail on the street side so passing by on foot, the area now feels inaccessible.<\/p>\n Two of the earliest media developments happened with significant „investment“ from the Berlin government. Druck auf den \u00f6ffentlichen Raum<\/strong><\/p>\n Der Druck f\u00fcr mehr Wohnraum wird mit Sicherheit Druck auf einige \u00f6ffentliche R\u00e4ume aus\u00fcben. Aber es ist auch wichtig, sie \u00f6ffentlich zu halten. Es gibt einen globalen Trend in gr\u00f6\u00dferen St\u00e4dten, Parkpl\u00e4tze zu privatisieren. Dies geschah in St\u00e4dten von London bis San Francisco, von Marseille bis Tokio. Einige dieser Pl\u00e4tze werden durch \u00dcberwachungskameras \u00fcberwacht. Einige haben sogar einen privaten Sicherheitsdienst.<\/p>\n Um in Marseille in das MuCEM (Museum der europ\u00e4ischen und mediterranen Zivilisationen) zu gelangen, wo sich fast die einzigen B\u00e4nke der Stadt befinden, musste man einen Sicherheitskontrollpunkt passieren.<\/p>\n Berlin hat zwar seine eher gepflegten Parks, aber ich habe noch keine Sicherheit (oder das Bed\u00fcrfnis nach Sicherheit) gesehen. Sie k\u00f6nnen sich f\u00fcr offene Landstriche entscheiden oder sich daf\u00fcr entscheiden, abgelegenere wilde R\u00e4ume zu finden. In den Parks in der ganzen Stadt k\u00f6nnen Sie Menschen mit unterschiedlichem Hintergrund und unterschiedlichen Alters sehen, die die Parks genie\u00dfen. Manchmal l\u00e4cheln sie sogar gemeinsam.<\/p>\n In einem Interview, das ich vor kurzem \u00fcbersetzt habe, erz\u00e4hlte ein Bewohner von Steglitz, dass, als er in seine Nachbarschaft zog, die B\u00e4nke zerbrochen und mit Graffiti beschmiert waren und der Park heruntergekommen war. Er arbeitete daran, ihn sauber zu machen.<\/p>\n Obwohl ich viele Parks dokumentiert habe, habe ich viele gesehen, die ich nicht gefilmt habe. Ich habe viele Parks und \u00f6ffentliche R\u00e4ume gesehen, die heruntergekommen sind, nicht mehr genutzt werden und in schlechtem Zustand sind.<\/p>\n Wirtschaft, Geschichte und Macht sind auch heute noch im Spiel.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″][et_pb_row column_structure=“1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″][et_pb_column type=“1_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=“1_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/11Things_4_Play.jpg“ url=“https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/2018\/11\/16\/4-play\/%20″ align_tablet=“center“ align_phone=““ align_last_edited=“on|desktop“ _builder_version=“3.23″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=“1_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/11Things_6_History.jpg“ url=“https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/2018\/11\/16\/6-history\/“ align_tablet=“center“ align_phone=““ align_last_edited=“on|desktop“ _builder_version=“3.23″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=“1_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The abundance of public space in Berlin is not guaranteed. The large Volksparks arose during industrialization in Berlin, under the pressures to provide more public services. Today, pressures are moving toward development. I think it’s interesting to see the history of parks and public space in Berlin and reflect on the forces that gave rise to the presence of the green space we enjoy today.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35012,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":" [et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\" background_image=\"http:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/11Header_5_PoliticsOfSpace.jpg\"][et_pb_row custom_padding=\"120px||200px|\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"3.18.7\" text_text_color=\"#ffffff\" text_font_size=\"56px\"]<\/p> POLITICS OF SPACE<\/p> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\"][et_pb_row custom_padding=\"27px|0px|1px|0px|false|false\" _builder_version=\"3.0.48\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Text: Intro\" _builder_version=\"3.18.7\" text_font=\"Julius Sans One||||||||\" text_font_size=\"21px\" text_font_size_tablet=\"18px\" text_font_size_phone=\"16px\" text_font_size_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\"]<\/p> 11 THINGS I LEARNED SPENDING A YEAR IN BERLIN'S PARKS | <\/strong>part 5<\/span><\/p> \u00a0<\/p> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding=\"5px|0px|27px|0px|false|false\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"The first time I left\" _builder_version=\"3.18.7\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"20px\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\"]<\/p> The first time I left the USA, I learned a lot about how different cultures view public space. I was in college. I moved to study in Japan. That experience changed my life.<\/p> [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Intro - growing up\" _builder_version=\"3.18.7\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"18px\" text_font_size_phone=\"16px\" text_font_size_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_tablet=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_phone=\"1.7em\" text_line_height_last_edited=\"on|tablet\"]<\/p> I now see public space as fragile and malleable, linked to economics, history, and power.<\/p> Growing up in the suburbs where getting almost anywhere required a car I was thrilled to live in a place where I could travel to almost every corner of the country without getting into a car. I developed a love for public transportation and the freedom of traveling without the and hassle of owning an automobile.<\/p> Years later, when I started research for a film project about sustainable transportation, that memory came back to me. I became curious about the reasons some populations embrace public transportation while others reject it in favor of the car. My research led me to wonder why some countries seem to value the public realm, while others prioritize the private realm?<\/p> These same questions can apply to public space. Why do some cities care for their public green spaces while other cities find parks and public spaces threatening?<\/p> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" custom_padding=\"0|0px|0|0px|false|false\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"3.0.48\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_image src=\"http:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Spandauer-Citadel.png\" admin_label=\"IMAGE Statues - Spandauer\" _builder_version=\"3.18.7\"][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"3.0.48\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Text: 1800s\" _builder_version=\"3.18.7\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"18px\" text_font_size_tablet=\"18px\" text_font_size_phone=\"16px\" text_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_tablet=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_phone=\"1.7em\" text_line_height_last_edited=\"on|phone\"]<\/p> Parks in the 1800s<\/strong><\/p> Let\u2019s set the stage. In the 1800s, the monarchy still held power in Germany, although power was shifting. The industrial revolution was underway. Cities were on the rise, literally. They were growing upwards to accommodate more people.<\/p> These forces created a need for breathing space, and a need to keep the public happy.<\/p> Add to this Marx\u2019s analysis of the new labor market which posited that the workers were being underpaid based on the value of their labor. His political pamphlet called the Communist Manifesto was published in 1848, the same year a revolutionary wave had spread across Europe. His book added to a growing pro-labor, socialist movement.<\/p> In response to the growing popularity of workers rights, the government introduced the first public benefits. In 1883, the German Empire under Bismarck, began offering health insurance, workman\u2019s compensation, disability insurance, and retirement pensions.<\/p> It was during these years that Berlin\u2019s first Volkspark (public park) was completed. Volkspark Friedrichshain was opened to the public in 1848.<\/p> Up until the late 1700s, large swaths of land in Berlin were reserved for royalty. Both what is now Tiergarten in Mitte and Volkspark Jungfernheide in north Charlottenburg were once royal hunting grounds.<\/p> Parks were not common in general in the West during that time. In the 1700s in America, city folks would bring picnic lunches to cemeteries as those were some of the only open green areas accessible to the public. I\u2019m not sure if that is where Berliners hung out, maybe they went to church grounds.<\/p> In 1740 Frederick the Great opened part of the Tiergarten as a pleasure garden for the people. The garden included \u201csalons\u201d or areas of \u201ccongregation\u201d which were sectioned off by hedges and included benches so people could gather and have intellectual conversations. A lovely idea.<\/p> The Volksgartens (People\u2019s Gardens) were green garden areas designed to include trees, ponds, resting places, monuments, and pavilions.<\/p> Volksparks (People's Parks) were parks built for recreation and exercise and only started in the mid-1800s.<\/p> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\"][et_pb_fullwidth_image src=\"http:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/PoliticsOfSpace_VPF-girl-running-crop-1.jpg\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\"][\/et_pb_fullwidth_image][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" custom_padding=\"54px|0px|0|0px|false|false\"][et_pb_row custom_padding=\"27px|0px|2px|0px|false|false\" _builder_version=\"3.0.48\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Text: Volksparks\" _builder_version=\"3.18.7\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"18px\" text_font_size_tablet=\"18px\" text_font_size_phone=\"16px\" text_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_phone=\"1.7em\" text_line_height_last_edited=\"on|phone\"]<\/p> Volksparks in the 1920s Weimar Germany<\/strong><\/p> You may think of Berlin in the 1920s as a time of cabarets, women with short hair, and a colorful art and nightlife. But it was also the era of the Volkspark.<\/p> Between 1919 and 1932 five Volksparks (People\u2019s Parks) were created.<\/p> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" custom_padding=\"0|0px|0|0px|false|false\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"3.0.48\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Volkspark list\" _builder_version=\"3.18.7\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"18px\" text_font_size_phone=\"13px\" text_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_phone=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_last_edited=\"on|phone\"]<\/p> 1919-1932 Volkspark Wuhlheide, Treptow-K\u00f6penick, 166 ha [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" custom_padding=\"0|0px|54px|0px|false|false\"][et_pb_row custom_padding=\"0|0px|27px|0px|false|false\" _builder_version=\"3.0.48\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Text: Volksparks 2\" _builder_version=\"3.18.7\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"18px\" text_font_size_tablet=\"18px\" text_font_size_phone=\"16px\" text_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_tablet=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_phone=\"1.7em\" text_line_height_last_edited=\"on|phone\"]<\/p> Volksparks include places for contemplation and places for movement. Parks, as opposed to gardens, were built for utility.<\/p> They also included play areas for children. At the time, play areas were a novel idea. In fact, the Germans were the first to promote play and develop the idea of a playground. In 1891 the first Central Committee for the Promotion of Games was organized. In 1894 Berlin held a national congress for games.<\/p> The play movement coincided with the children\u2019s movement. Lina Morgenstern founded the Berliner Frauen-Verein zur Bef\u00f6rderung der Fr\u00f6bel\u2019schen Kinderg\u00e4rten, an organization advocating for kindergartens, another German invention. Prior to the Industrial Revolution peasant children were in the fields. With the industrial revolution, children were working. The move for play and education was quite groundbreaking.<\/p> Additional pressures arose from the living conditions of Berlin at that time. With the Greater Berlin Act, Berlin had become the third largest city in the world. Apartments were small. Salaries were also small. In one room flat,\u00a0you could find a family of five. Sometimes more than one family were sharing one flat. The surrounding parks and gardens provided needed space for privacy, for socializing, and good health.<\/p> Money to create the Volksparks came from the Emergency program set up by Berlin Mayor Gustav Boss to fund the construction of 43 projects including playgrounds and parks. The city gained valuable parks space and employed 8,000 unemployed workers in the process. These parks are all still popular today and in use year-round.<\/p> Schrebergartens (small allotments of land for gardens) also started during this time. They came out of the desire to create outdoor spaces for children to exercise. Although from photos exercise looks more like gardening. This was an idea of Dr. Moritz Schreber in the 1800s. He was interested in the health of children and the social consequences of urban life at the beginning of industrialization. He didn\u2019t succeed in creating the allotments before he died in 1861 but following his death the allotments that did arise were named after him. Berlin is dotted with Schrebergartens that look like miniature villages on the sides of train tracks and in the middle of neighborhoods. These allotments provided important sources for food during and after the world wars.<\/p> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" custom_padding=\"0|0px|7px|0px|false|false\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"3.0.48\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\"31730,31945,31732,31735\" fullwidth=\"on\" admin_label=\"Gallery: Volksparks\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\" title_text_color=\"#ffffff\" pagination_text_color=\"#ffffff\" background_layout=\"dark\"][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"3.0.48\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Text: Parks Today\" _builder_version=\"3.18.7\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"18px\" text_font_size_tablet=\"18px\" text_font_size_phone=\"16px\" text_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_phone=\"1.7em\" text_line_height_last_edited=\"on|phone\"]<\/p> Parks Today: Privatization of Public Space<\/strong><\/p> Biking along the canal just north of Berlin\u2019s main train station I\u2019ve seen a sea of yellow cranes towering in the air for almost two years now. At first, it was comical. Now, as the buildings have risen under those cranes I miss the view. Instead of open land, I see buildings towering over the river\u2019s edge.<\/p> On the east side of the canal, where I now stand, the buildings are set back from the river, leaving space for a long public park, and a cemetery full of German war heroes. This cemetery is now free to access but at one time it was occupied by the Wall and is part of the Mauerweg (or Berlin Wall pathway).<\/p> The buildings across the canal are varied, some are office buildings, others look like they will be expensive condos.<\/p> Berlin has done a pretty good job at maintaining public space. A lot of space opened up after the Wall came down. In many areas, the city created park spaces where the Wall had been. Mauerpark (Wall Park) is notable. However, in other areas, like the side of the Spree in former East Berlin that is in Friedrichshain, the city designated that prime river space for urban renewal in the form of large corporate developments.<\/p> This area is referred to as \u201cMediaspree.\u201d For years, it was not formally occupied because of a lack of economic opportunity. In that time artists and activists set up beach bars, clubs, and cultural projects. When the economy started to improve, the media companies came in and built large, monolithic buildings on the side of the river. There is no retail on the street side so passing by on foot, the area now feels inaccessible.<\/p> Two of the earliest media developments happened with significant \"investment\" from the Berlin government.<\/p> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\"][et_pb_row make_fullwidth=\"on\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\"31767,31766,31760,31764\" show_title_and_caption=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" zoom_icon_color=\"#ffffff\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(73,73,73,0.59)\" hover_icon=\"%%9%%\" admin_label=\"Gallery: Cranes\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\"][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"3.0.48\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Text: Pressures\" _builder_version=\"3.18.7\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"18px\" text_font_size_tablet=\"18px\" text_font_size_phone=\"16px\" text_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_tablet=\"1.8em\" text_line_height_phone=\"1.7em\" text_line_height_last_edited=\"on|phone\"]<\/p> Pressures on Public Space<\/strong><\/p> The pressures for more housing are sure to put pressure on some public spaces. But keeping them public is also important. There is a global trend in larger cities to privatize park spaces. This has been happening in cities from London to San Francisco, Marseille to Tokyo. Some of these spaces are monitored by CCTV. Some even have private security.<\/p> In Marseille, to enter the MuCEM (Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilisations) area where just about the only benches in the city are located, I discovered one has to pass through a security checkpoint.<\/p> Berlin does have its more manicured parks but I have yet to see security (or the need for security). You can opt for open stretches of land or decide to find more secluded wild spaces. In parks across the city, you can see people from all different backgrounds, of all different ages, enjoying the parks. Sometimes even sharing smiles.<\/p> In an interview I translated recently, a resident of Steglitz talked about how when he first moved to his neighborhood, the benches were broken and stained with graffiti and the park was run down. He worked to make it clean.<\/p> While I've documented many parks, I've seen many that I didn't film. I've seen many parks and public spaces that have become run down are underutilized and have been left in poor conditions.<\/p> Economics, history, and power are still in play today.<\/p> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"3.11.1\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_image src=\"http:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/11Things_4_Play.jpg\" url=\"http:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/2018\/11\/16\/4-play\/%20\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\"][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][et_pb_image src=\"http:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/11Things_6_History.jpg\" url=\"http:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/2018\/11\/16\/6-history\/\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\"][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.11.1\" parallax=\"off\" parallax_method=\"on\"][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37247","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-unkategorisiert"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37247","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37247"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37247\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35012"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37247"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37247"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parkprojectberlin.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37247"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“5px|0px|27px|0px|false|false“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_text admin_label=“The first time I left“ _builder_version=“4.4.1″ text_font=“||||||||“ text_font_size=“20px“ text_line_height=“1.8em“ hover_enabled=“0″]<\/p>\n
\n1920-1929 Volkspark Jungfernheide, Charllotenburg-Wilmersdorf, 146 ha
\n1923-1931 Volkspark Mariendorf, 13 ha
\n1926-1929 Volkspark Rehberge, Mitte, 78 ha
\n1928-1929 Volkspark K\u00f6penick
\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″ custom_padding=“0|0px|54px|0px|false|false“][et_pb_row _builder_version=“3.25″ background_size=“initial“ background_position=“top_left“ background_repeat=“repeat“ custom_padding=“0|0px|27px|0px|false|false“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text: Volksparks 2″ _builder_version=“4.4.1″ text_font=“||||||||“ text_line_height=“1.8em“ hover_enabled=“0″ text_font_size_tablet=“18px“ text_font_size_phone=“16px“ text_font_size_last_edited=“on|phone“ text_line_height_tablet=“1.8em“ text_line_height_phone=“1.7em“ text_line_height_last_edited=“on|phone“]<\/p>\n
\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=“on“ gutter_width=“1″ module_class=“ et_pb_row_fullwidth“ _builder_version=“3.25″ width=“100%“ width_tablet=“100%“ width_phone=““ width_last_edited=“on|desktop“ max_width=“100%“ max_width_tablet=“100%“ max_width_phone=““ max_width_last_edited=“on|desktop“ make_fullwidth=“on“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=“31767,31766,31760,31764″ show_title_and_caption=“off“ show_pagination=“off“ zoom_icon_color=“#ffffff“ hover_overlay_color=“rgba(73,73,73,0.59)“ hover_icon=“%%9%%“ admin_label=“Gallery: Cranes“ _builder_version=“3.11.1″][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ _builder_version=“3.22″][et_pb_row _builder_version=“3.25″ background_size=“initial“ background_position=“top_left“ background_repeat=“repeat“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text: Pressures“ _builder_version=“4.4.1″ text_font=“||||||||“ text_line_height=“1.8em“ hover_enabled=“0″ text_font_size_tablet=“18px“ text_font_size_phone=“16px“ text_font_size_last_edited=“on|phone“ text_line_height_tablet=“1.8em“ text_line_height_phone=“1.7em“ text_line_height_last_edited=“on|phone“]<\/p>\n
1920-1929 Volkspark Jungfernheide, Charllotenburg-Wilmersdorf, 146 ha
1923-1931 Volkspark Mariendorf, 13 ha
1926-1929 Volkspark Rehberge, Mitte, 78 ha
1928-1929 Volkspark K\u00f6penick<\/p>